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The mantle's motions, analogous to those in a pot of boiling water, cool the mantle by carrying hot material to the surface and returning cooler material to the depths.(地幔的运动类似于一壶沸水的运动,它把热的物质带到表面,再把较冷的物质带到深处,从而使地幔冷却。)
Since the early twentieth century, geophysicists have understood that the mantle churns and roils like a thick soup.(自二十世纪初以来,地球物理学家已经了解到地幔像浓汤一样搅动和翻滚。)
The formation of Earth's crust protected the inner layers of Earth from the high-energy particles in space, reducing the temperatures of the mantle and the core.(地壳的形成保护了地球的内层不受太空中高能粒子的影响,降低了地幔和地核的温度。)
The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time.(这些地幔柱显然起源于很深的地方,可能深至地核和地幔之间的边界,而且许多都已经活跃了很长时间。)
The explanation may be in Earth's mantle, the layer of rock underlying the tectonic plates and extending down over 1,800 miles to the outer edge of Earth's iron core.(解释可能是在地球的地幔中,这是在构造板块下面的岩石层,向下延伸超过1800英里到地球铁芯的外边缘。)
All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser sem-iliquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth's core.(所有板块都在缓慢移动,因为它们漂浮在密度更大的半流体地幔上,也就是地壳和地核之间的那一层。)
Much more than the crust, the mantle contains information about a planet's or moon's total composition.(地幔包含的远远不仅是地壳,还有关于行星或卫星的总体构成的信息。)
By compiling a map of seismic velocities from thousands of earthquakes across the globe, they can also begin to map temperatures and densities throughout the mantle.(通过编制全球数千次地震的地震速度图,他们还可以开始绘制地幔的温度和密度图。)
The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.(下降的岩石比周围的地幔的温度低很多,因此延展性较小,更容易断裂。)
Not everyone agrees, but some experts are convinced that whatever created the SPA Basin did penetrate the Moon's mantle.(并不是每个人都同意这个观点,但一些专家相信,无论塑造SPA盆地的是什么,它确实穿透了月球的地幔。)
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